Recent Changes

issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status
EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR
http://www.history.com/topics/black-codes/videos#the-failure-of-reconstruction
creation of a single unified country
abolition of slavery
Although president Lincoln had called for a lenient plan in dealing with the southern states, Congress enacted a plan that required the former states to meet certain conditions such as acceptance of the aforementioned amendments.
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and judges. The
The cultural transformation
Reconstruction ended in 1877.
By that time, all states had been re-admitted to the Union. Nevertheless, the south remained an ominous place for black people. After twelve years of southern transformation, the north lost interest in pursuing and enforcing the laws and measures passed to ensure civil rights for black people. Many of the laws were soon overturned and conditions worsened for the black citizens of the south. The south convinced Congress to pass the Posse Comitatus Act, which prohibited federal authorities from exercising any power or control over local enforcement agencies. In other words, law interpretation and enforcement were left to individual southern districts. Predictably, this led to gross violations of law and unfair treatment for black people.
In 1883, the 14th amendment was rewritten to declare that Congress only had the power to outlaw public, rather than private discrimination. 13 years later, the famous
at white people.Plessypeople.
Plessy v. Ferguson white people.
x-Such==x-Such laws existed the Civil War.SuchWar.==
Such laws existed the Civil War.War.== ==
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers were derogatory terms used in the aftermath of the Civil War. Scalawags referred to a group of white Republican Southerners who sympathized with the federal Reconstruction effort. Scalawags were often politically allied with Carpetbaggers, white business people from the North who moved to the South during Reconstruction. Many Carpetbaggers were former abolitionists who wished to continue the struggle for equality, while other Carpetbaggers saw the reconstruction of the South as a political or economic opportunity. Because of the collapse of much of the southern economy during the Civil War, many northerners became mayors and political leaders.

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Ulysses S. Grant - Union General
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Abraham Lincoln

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Civil Rights
After having fought in WWII and moved to the cities to work in factories, African Americans made more money and formed more contacts with one another at work, on the street, and in churches. These changes helped make the civil rights protests successful.
Civil Rights Organizations
NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference
SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
CORE - Congress of Racial Equality
Rosa Parks - refused to give bus seat to white man
arrested
sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Supreme Court ruled separate was not equal.
Marches, sit-ins, strikes and protests were used to affect change.
1963 March on Washington, - Martin Luther King Jr. - famous "I have a dream" speech
Civil Rights Act of 1964 - law banned segregation in public places and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to prevent job discrimination
Freedom Summer - 1964
Brought N college students into MI to register blacks to vote.
1965 - Voting Rights Act - banned literacy tests and other laws that kept blacks from registering to vote.
Malcolm X - leader of the Nation of Islam - urged African Americans to separate from whites.
Vietnam
Late 1800's until WWII France ruled Vietnam as a colony
1930- Ho Chi Minh (revolutionary leader) united 3 Communist groups - called for an independent Vietnam
organized protests against the French govt.
1940 - Japan took over Indochina (including Vietnam)
1945 - Japanese surrendered to the Allies.
Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam's independence
France tries to regain control of Vietnam
1946 - war between Viet Minh (Vietnamese nationalists under Ho Chi Minh) and France
U.S. has a policy of containment (working to prevent the spread of communism)
1950 - U.S. gives $10 million in military aid to the French
Domino Theory - if a country fell to communism, nearby countries would also topple
1954 - Viet Minh overrun French forces.
Vietnam is divided on the 17th parallel (N and S)
N - controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the Communists
S - Diem and anti-communists
Diem failed to establish a democratic govt. His govt was corrupt.
Viet Cong (Vietnamese Communists) in S oppose Diem.
N. Vietnam supports the Viet Cong by sending supplies and troops from N to S along the Ho Chi Minh Trail
Late 1963 U.S. has more than 16,000 military personnel in Vietnam.
Communist Threats
Bay of Pigs - Cuban exiles trained by the U.S. invade Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro. Troops are crushed in the invasion
Berlin Wall - 1961 Soviet Union threatened to close off Western access to W. Berlin because so many E. Germans were fleeing to escape communism - Soviets and E. Germans built the Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis - Oct. 1962 U.S. learned that the Soviets had put nuclear missiles in Cuba. - The Soviets eventually agreed to remove the missiles
1963 Diem is killed in a military coup
1964 President Johnson's military advisers make plans to bomb N. Vietnam
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - gave the president the power to use military force in Vietnam
1965 - Johnson began bombing N. Vietnam
Sent combat ground troops to Vietnam
By 1968 there were more than 546,000 American military personnel in S. Vietnam
Troubles for soldiers in Vietnam
guerrilla warfare - surprise attacks by small bands of fighters
suffocating heat
constant rain
difficulty figuring out who the enemy was
U.S. drops bombs of napalm (jellied gasoline that burns violently)
planes sprayed Agent Orange - a chemical that kills plants
Tet Offensive
A surprise attack on U.S. military bases and more than 100 cities and towns in S. Vietnam
1968 - Johnson said he would stop bombing most of N. Vietnam and seek to bargain for peace.
My Lai massacre - 1969
A U.S. platoon rounded up and shot between 175 and 500 unarmed civilians, mostly women, children and old men
To Americans this represented a horrifying break down in morality and discipline in the armed forces.
Back home - Kent state University in Ohio - 4 students killed during an antiwar demonstration
doves - those who opposed the war
hawks - those who supported the war
Jan 1973 - U.S. agreed to withdraw all its troops
N. Vietnam agreed not to invade S. Vietnam
1975 N. Vietnam invades S. Vietnam.
Communist forces capture Saigon and rename it Ho Chi Minh City.
26th Amendment - lowered voting age from 21 to 18
War Powers Act - Limits the president's war-making powers
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Civil Rights

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Civil Rights
After having fought in WWII and moved to the cities to work in factories, African Americans made more money and formed more contacts with one another at work, on the street, and in churches. These changes helped make the civil rights protests successful.
Civil Rights Organizations
NAACP - National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference
SNCC - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
CORE - Congress of Racial Equality
Rosa Parks - refused to give bus seat to white man
arrested
sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Supreme Court ruled separate was not equal.
Marches, sit-ins, strikes and protests were used to affect change.
1963 March on Washington, - Martin Luther King Jr. - famous "I have a dream" speech
Civil Rights Act of 1964 - law banned segregation in public places and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to prevent job discrimination
Freedom Summer - 1964
Brought N college students into MI to register blacks to vote.
1965 - Voting Rights Act - banned literacy tests and other laws that kept blacks from registering to vote.
Malcolm X - leader of the Nation of Islam - urged African Americans to separate from whites.
Vietnam
Late 1800's until WWII France ruled Vietnam as a colony
1930- Ho Chi Minh (revolutionary leader) united 3 Communist groups - called for an independent Vietnam
organized protests against the French govt.
1940 - Japan took over Indochina (including Vietnam)
1945 - Japanese surrendered to the Allies.
Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam's independence
France tries to regain control of Vietnam
1946 - war between Viet Minh (Vietnamese nationalists under Ho Chi Minh) and France
U.S. has a policy of containment (working to prevent the spread of communism)
1950 - U.S. gives $10 million in military aid to the French
Domino Theory - if a country fell to communism, nearby countries would also topple
1954 - Viet Minh overrun French forces.
Vietnam is divided on the 17th parallel (N and S)
N - controlled by Ho Chi Minh and the Communists
S - Diem and anti-communists
Diem failed to establish a democratic govt. His govt was corrupt.
Viet Cong (Vietnamese Communists) in S oppose Diem.
N. Vietnam supports the Viet Cong by sending supplies and troops from N to S along the Ho Chi Minh Trail
Late 1963 U.S. has more than 16,000 military personnel in Vietnam.
Communist Threats
Bay of Pigs - Cuban exiles trained by the U.S. invade Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro. Troops are crushed in the invasion
Berlin Wall - 1961 Soviet Union threatened to close off Western access to W. Berlin because so many E. Germans were fleeing to escape communism - Soviets and E. Germans built the Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis - Oct. 1962 U.S. learned that the Soviets had put nuclear missiles in Cuba. - The Soviets eventually agreed to remove the missiles
1963 Diem is killed in a military coup
1964 President Johnson's military advisers make plans to bomb N. Vietnam
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution - gave the president the power to use military force in Vietnam
1965 - Johnson began bombing N. Vietnam
Sent combat ground troops to Vietnam
By 1968 there were more than 546,000 American military personnel in S. Vietnam
Troubles for soldiers in Vietnam
guerrilla warfare - surprise attacks by small bands of fighters
suffocating heat
constant rain
difficulty figuring out who the enemy was
U.S. drops bombs of napalm (jellied gasoline that burns violently)
planes sprayed Agent Orange - a chemical that kills plants
Tet Offensive
A surprise attack on U.S. military bases and more than 100 cities and towns in S. Vietnam
1968 - Johnson said he would stop bombing most of N. Vietnam and seek to bargain for peace.
My Lai massacre - 1969
A U.S. platoon rounded up and shot between 175 and 500 unarmed civilians, mostly women, children and old men
To Americans this represented a horrifying break down in morality and discipline in the armed forces.
Back home - Kent state University in Ohio - 4 students killed during an antiwar demonstration
doves - those who opposed the war
hawks - those who supported the war
Jan 1973 - U.S. agreed to withdraw all its troops
N. Vietnam agreed not to invade S. Vietnam
1975 N. Vietnam invades S. Vietnam.
Communist forces capture Saigon and rename it Ho Chi Minh City.
26th Amendment - lowered voting age from 21 to 18
War Powers Act - Limits the president's war-making powers

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|| First
George Washington
1789-1797
Second
John Adams
1797-1801
Third
Thomas Jefferson
1801-1809
Fourth
James Madison
1809-1817
Fifth
James Monroe
1817-1825
Sixth
John Quincy Adams
1825-1829
Seventh
Andrew Jackson
1829-1837
Eighth
Martin Van Buren
1837-1841
Ninth
William Henry Harrison
1841
Tenth
John Tyler
1841-1845
Eleventh
James Knox Polk
1845-1849
Twelth
Zachary Taylor
1849-1850
Thirteenth
Millard Fillmore
1850-1853
Fourteenth
Franklin Pierce
1853-1857
Fifteenth
James Buchanan
1857-1861
Sixteenth
Abraham Lincoln
1861-1865
Seventeenth
Andrew Johnson
1865-1869
Eighteenth
Ulysses Simpson Grant
1869-1877
Nineteenth
Rutherford Birchard Hayes
1877-1881
Twentieth
James Abram Garfield
1881
Twenty - First
Chester Alan Arthur
1881-1885
Twenty-Second
Grover Cleveland
1885-1889
Twenty - Third
Benjamin Harrison
1889-1893
Twenty - Fourth
Grover Cleveland
1893-1897
Twenty - Fifth
William McKinley
1897-1901
Twenty - Sixth
Theodore Roosevelt
1901-1909
Twenty - Seventh
William Howard Taft
1909-1913
Twenty - Eighth
Woodrow Wilson
1913-1921
Twenty- Ninth
Warren Gamaliel Harding
1921-1923
Thirtieth
Calvin Coolidge
1923-1929
Thirty- First
Herbert Clark Hoover
1929-1933
Thirty - Second
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1933-1945
Thirty - Third
Harry S. Truman
1945-1953
Thirty - Fourth
Dwight David Eisenhower
1953-1961
Thirty - Fifth
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
1961-1963
Thirty - Sixth
Lyndon Baines Johnson
1963-1969
Thirty - Seventh
Richard Milhous Nixon
1969-1974
Thirty - Eighth
Gerald Rudolph Ford
1974-1977
Thirty - Ninth
Jimmy Carter
1977-1981
Fortieth
Ronald Wilson Reagan
1981-1989
Forty - First
George Herbert Walker Bush
1989-1993
Forty - Second
William Jefferson Clinton
1993-2001
Forty - Third
George Walker Bush
2001- 2009
Forty - Fourth
Barack Obama
2009 - present

Underground-Railroad series of escape route for slaves that ran from the South to the North
Harriet Tubman was an escaped slave who helped others escape through the Underground Railroad
The movement to end slavery was abolition
Frederick Douglass - escaped slave who became a abolitionist writer and speaker
Manifest Destiny - suggested that U.S. expansion was not only good but bound to happen
Manifest Destiny
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mountain men - explored W.
spent most of the year alone trapping small animals.
The mountain men's explorations provided Americans with some of the earliest firsthand knowledge of the Far West. They blazed trails and found mountain passes.
The Santa Fe Trail
William Becknell set out with hardware, cloth and china for Santa Fe. He made a large profit.
Soon others wanted to follow.
Traders began crossing the prairie in covered wagons they called prairie schooners.
Hundreds of traders and prairie schooners braved the cutoff to make the 800 mile journey through the desert from Missouri to NM each year.
Oregon Trail
Went from Independence Missouri to the Oregon Territory.
The first whites were missionaries.
They reported that Oregon had rich land.
In 1843 nearly 1,000 people traveled from Missouri to Oregon.
The next year twice as many came.
The trail was harsh. There were many dangers, injuries and death.
The Mormon Trail
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints - founded by Joseph Smith in NY in 1830.
Some objected to the Mormon teaching of polygamy.
In 1844 an anti-Mormon mob in Illinois killed Smith.
Brigham Young the next Mormon leader moved his people out of the U.S. to Utah (then part of MX)
1847 about 1,600 Mormon went to Utah and founded Salt Lake City.
The Texas Revolution
The Spanish land called Tejas bordered the US territory called Louisiana.
The land was rich and desirable.
Tejas was a state in the Spanish colony of New Spain.
In 1821 only about 4,000 Tejanos (people of Spanish heritage who consider Texas their home.) The Spanish officials wanted more settlers to move to TX
to help defend it against Native Americans and Americans who illegally sneaked into TX.
Moses Austin asked for permission to start a colony in TX.
Shortly after he arrived MX succesfully gained its independence from Spain.
Then Stephen (Moses' son) asked the new MX government to let him start a colony.
The govt. said o.k. if the new settlers agreed to become Mexican citizens and member of the Roman Catholic Church.
Between 1821 and 1827 297 families came to TX. These original Tx settler families are known as the "Old Three Hundred"
Every family had to be moral, work hard and not drink.
By 1830 there were 30,000 Americans.
Soon Americans became resentful of following Mx laws. They wanted to maintain slavery so that they could grow cotton.
They were used to governing themselves and didn't want to be taxed.
Texans rebelled against the Mexican army.
The fight for the Alamo - Texans were slaughtered by the Mexican Army
"Remember the Alamo" became a rallying call.
Eventually the Texans become victorious.
Texas becomes The Lone Star Republic, an independent nation for a decade.
In 1845 Texas was admitted as a slave state.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the end of the Mexican American war gave the U.S. the current states of CA, NV, UT, AZ, NM, CO and WY.
In 1848 James Marshall found gold in CA
Many rushed to the area to try to find gold.
Not many were successful.
The Chinese worked "played out" sites and made them profitable.
Others were jealous, started a Foreign Miners Tax
By 1852 the gold rush was over, but enough people had moved to CA for them to apply for statehood.
San Francisco grew as a city.
CA was admitted as a free state in 1850.
Immigrants from Europe came to America in the mid 1800's for freedom, economic opportunity and abundant land!
Most immigrants came from Germany, but they were also from Scandinavia, Britain, Ireland, and China.
The Irish came to escape the potato famine.
Some opposed immigration.
prejudice - a negative opinion that is not based on facts
Immigrant - Someone coming into a country to live.
Emigrant - One who is leaving their country to live in another.
The Irish came to America in the mid 1800's to escape the Potato Famine
Immigrants came to America in the mid 1800's for freedom, economic opportunity and land
The Second Great Awakening was a renewal of religious faith. Revivalist preachers said that anyone could choose salvation.
This appealed to equality-loving Americans
The temperance movement, labor unions and education all worked to improve the lives of Americans.
Women could not attend most colleges. One exception was Oberlin.
labor union- a group of workers who band together to seek better working conditions.
Abolitionists called for ending slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison began to public an abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator
The Underground railroad grewUnderground-Railroad series of escape route for slaves that ran from the South to the North
Harriet Tubman was an escaped slave who helped others escape through the Underground Railroad
The movement to end slavery was abolition
Frederick Douglass - escaped slave who became a abolitionist writer and speaker
In 1848 the Seneca Falls Conventions was held to promote women's rights.
suffrage = the right to vote

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Growing Tensions Between N & S
N- developed industry and commerce
S – economy relied on plantation farming
1846
Wilmot Proviso
Outlaw slavery in any territory the US might acquire from the war with MX
Slave owners can’t take their slaves into free territory.
Never became law…but led to the creation of a political party:
The Free-Soil Party . a political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery.
1849 – Pres. Taylor let CA to submit 4 statehood/ bypassed being a territory
S. slave holders didn’t have time to move to CA w/ slaves
Compromise of 1850 – Henry Clay
To make the North happy - CA came in as a free state and the slave trade was abolished in Washington, D.C.
To make the South happy - congress said they would make stricter laws regarding runaway slaves.
which led to the...
Fugitive Slave Act
] Ppl accused of being fugitives could be held w/out an arrest warrant.
Southerners considered slaves to be property. The law required N. to help recapture runaway slaves. People could be fined or jailed who helped fugitives escape.
Uncle Tom’s Cabin – told details abt. Being a slave. Convinced lots of people slavery=bad
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act
Popular sovereignty – allowed residents of territories to decide for themselves whether to have slavery or not
Proslavery and antislavery settlers rushed into Kansas Territory to vote for the territorial legislature.
5,000 Missourians came and voted in the election illegally.
1856 "Bleeding Kansas"
Fights broke out… over slavery.
1856 - Caning of Sumner
Senator Sumner of MA delivered a speech attacking the proslavery forces in KS. He made fun of AP Butler a senator from SC.
Butler's relative (Preston Brooks) attacked Sumner with a cane, hitting more than 30 times, breaking his cane in the assault.
1857
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott was a slave who was taken to free territory by his master. When his master died, he sued for his freedom.
Supreme Court ruled slaves were property and had no rights. They were not citizens of the U.S.
1859 - attack on Harpers Ferry
John Brown - extreme abolitionist
planned to capture weapons in the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, VA. John Brown + 18 followers
Wanted to inspire slaves to fight for their freedom
Killed 4 people in the raid.
Captured along with 6 others.
Hung for murder and treason.
Republican party formed with opponents of slavery
Many blamed the violence in KS on the Democrats.
Lincoln and Douglas Debate
Lincoln challenged Douglas for his Senate seat.
L. argued only that slavery should not be expanded.
D. argued that popular sovereignty was the best way to address the issue.
Douglas won reelection- Lincoln won national recognition
Election of 1860 - Lincoln won.
secede - withdraw
12/20, 1860 - S.C. became the first state to secede from the Union
During the next 6 wks. MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX joined SC.
Early Feb. 1861 the Confederate States of America was formed - Jefferson Davis - president.

Beginnings {http://www.wikispaces.com/i/c.gif} add to favorites The Beginnings of the Republic
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Terms to know:
Inaugurate – to be sworn in as president
Cabinet –departments to help the president
Tariff – tax on imported goods
Neutral – not siding with one country or the other
Foreign policy – relations with the governments of other countries
States’ rights – theory led by Jefferson and Madison that states had the right to judge when the federal government had passed an unconstitutional law
U.S. starts in debt –$52 million
Hamilton’s Financial Plan
pay off all war debts (France, Netherlands, Spain)
raise government revenues
create a national bank
Washington’s cabinet-
Secretary of War
Secretary of State
Secretary of Treasury – Alexander Hamilton
Attorney General
There are now about 17 members of the cabinet.
Supreme Court – 1789 Federal Judiciary Act
Gave S.C. 6 members Chief Justice and five associates
Now: 9
First political parties:
Federalists - believed in a strong national government
Democratic-Republicans - wanted limited national government
Whiskey Rebellion – W PA
Farmers staged rebellion against tax on whiskey
Washington sent the army to squash rebellion.
Gave Federal Govt. more clout
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Washington believed peace = prosperity
British still held forts N of the Ohio River – violation of Treaty of Paris
Washington sent troops to Ohio valley
Natives against US
NW Territory – US defeated Shawnee, Ottawa and Chippewa – British didn’t help natives
Site covered in trees that had fallen during a storm
12 tribes signed Treaty of Greenville – 1795
They agreed to cede (surrender) much of present-day Ohio and Indiana to the US government.
French Revolution – 1789
US remained neutral
French began seizing US ships (300 in 1797)
Ambassadors offered a bribe by French Agents (later known as XY and Z)
Give France 10 million and pay minister a bribe of $250,000
Known XYZ Affair
US said no, put more money into defense
1796 - John Adams elected.
Alien and Sedition Acts targeted aliens.
Said you had to live in US for 14 years before coming a citizen.
Outlawed saying or writing anything harmful about the government.
Democratic-Republicans did not like this. Said it went against the Constitution.
Theory of states rights was developed - states had the right to judge when the federal govt. had passed an
unconstitutional law.