Supreme Court ruled that once a slave even if you were living in a free state, you were still a slave.
Said Scott had “none of the rights and privileges” of American citizens
Also said Congress had no right to outlaw slavery because the Constitution protects people’s right to own PROPERTY and slaves were PROPERTY!!!
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Jefferson Davis - president of the Confederacy.
Capital: Richmond, VA.
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Robert E. Lee. Confederate general.
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John Brown John Brown’s Raid
Attack on the arsenal •John Brown an abolitionist, and 21 followers attacked a U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. –Planning to use the guns to arm a slave revolt, on October 16, 1859, the group captured the arsenal. –He sent some of his group to spread the word to the area’s slaves to rise up in revolt, but they returned with a few hostages. No slaves were willing to run away and join Brown. After the attack •Armed local townspeople followed by U.S. Marines fought Brown and his group. –Brown and his surviving followers were tried; all were sentenced to hang. Brown was hanged December 2, 1859.
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Ulysses S. Grant - Union General
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Abraham Lincoln
Violence because of the Kansas-Nebraska act got everyone’s attention
Abraham Lincoln was against the SPREAD of slavery
Republican Party formed to fight the spread of slavery.
Lincoln ran for Senator from Illinois
Lincoln - Douglas Debates
Lincoln looked rougher, not as refined as Douglas. Douglas was already a senator. Lincoln was tall, Douglas short. Both were powerful public speakers.
Douglas thought that each state should be able to decide the slavery issue for themselves.
Lincoln thought that the framers of the constitution wanted slavery to eventually end. He also thought that slavery was wrong.
Douglas won the election, but after the debates everyone knew who Lincoln was.
Election of 1860
Lincoln ran against Douglas and Breckenridge
Lincoln
Republican candidate
Against the SPREAD of slavery
Promised not to stop slavery in the South where it was already practiced.
Said he hoped it would one day END there, too.
Many in the South were afraid if Lincoln were elected, slavery would be outlawed.
Some even said they would LEAVE the Union if Lincoln was elected.
November 6, 1860 – Lincoln WINS the election
BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
Differences in life N & S
N- 19 million (71% of US population)/ factories (85%) /immigrants moved to N/ cities/71% of railroad mileage/92% of industrial workers
S - 11 million (29% of US population)/ small one family farms/rural/farming/29% of railroad mileage
States’ Rights
South didn’t like depending on the North’s manufactured goods
Thought the North was getting RICH off of them
Henry Clay -Worked hard to settle differences dividing the nation.
Free state: didn’t want slavery.
Slave state: wanted slavery
Fugitive slave law - A new law that said:
Anyone caught helping slaves escape would be punished.
If you found a runaway slave, you had to return them to their owner.
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay to the rescue AGAIN
California = Free
New Mexico and Utah territories= people would decide
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Gave people living there the choice by voting
Hundreds moved in to “vote” on whether to be a free or slave state.
Tempers FLARED and over 200 people were killed in the dispute
Nicknamed “ Bleeding Kansas”
December 20, 1860 South Carolina’s leaders seceded from the Union. 1ST STATE TO SECEDE!
The Union held Fort Sumter in S.C., but were running out of supplies. President Lincoln decided to send a ship with more supplies.
Confederate President Davis decided to take over the fort BEFORE the supply ships arrived.
Demanded them to surrender.
NEVER!
The Confederate troops FIRED on the fort, Major Anderson and his men ran out of ammunition and had to give up.
The Civil War had begun.
Lincoln called for Americans to join the army to stop the rebellion.
Frightened southern states not in the Confederacy now joined with the other 7 states.
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina
11 States Strong
Gettysburg
Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory
July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa.
July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down = "Pickett’s Charge")
Lee was defeated and retreated to Virgnia
Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere.
Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days
It was the last time the South invaded the North.
July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - VICKSBURG
won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River
Grant was then given control of all Union armies and began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the South
General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "March through Georgia" saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah
Monitor vs. Merrimack - 1862
Ironclads fought in Chesapeake Bay
Blacks in the military
After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army
Initially they were only used for manual labor eventually, Blacks saw live combat
54th regiment out of Massachusetts
Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress (benefited the North)
1862 – Homestead Actencouraged W. expansion w/o slavery - 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs.
1862 – Legal Tender Act- Congress established a single federal currency - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks"
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation Freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.
It did not free slaves in border states.
1863 – Pacific Railway Act -Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States.
1863 – National Bank Act
Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry To cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and introduced income tax In a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothingwould detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus)- free press/ speech also interrupted
1864 Election - only in Union
- pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General McClellan
Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)
April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army
Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
All Confederate troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S.
otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient
Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict
issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status
creation of a single unified country
abolition of slavery
increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights
U.S. now an industrial nation
a stronger sense of nationalism
western lands increasingly opened to settlement
South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction(rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...
620,000 people died – more Americans than any other war
before or since
April 14, 1865
President Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. by John Wilkes Booth. A short time later, Booth and his co-conspirators are found and hung.
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Reconstruction
external image shermansea.jpg
Sherman's March to the Sea through Georgia Reconstruction refers to the period after the Civil War when the southern states were reintegrated into the Union. Immediately following the war, the southern states were in disarray. Not only were many towns and cities burned, looted and destroyed, but the southern states were still not part of the United States. Tens of thousands of U.S. soldiers were stationed in the south to ensure the tenets of reconstruction were honored.
As a result of the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were born. The 13th amendment prohibited slavery, the 14th granted Civil Rights to black people, If you are born in U.S. you are a citizen and the 15th granted black people the right to vote. Although president Lincoln had called for a lenient plan in dealing with the southern states, Congress enacted a plan that required the former states to meet certain conditions such as acceptance of the aforementioned amendments.
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The period of Reconstruction transformed southern society and culture. Many northerners, who were referred to as Carpetbaggers, moved to the south to participate in southern governments. The Republican party ( a political party formed in 1854) gained much power in the south and passed numerous Civil Rights laws including those that legalized interracial marriage, and provided black students with the opportunities to attend school. Furthermore, black people were given positions of political power in state senates. Black people became mayors, sheriffs, and judges. The cultural transformation resulted in considerable racial tension. Violent racist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan were formed in an attempt to intimidate black people. Many white southerners joined the Republican party (they were called Scalawags), and others moved to border states such as Maryland and Kentucky, where the effects of northern occupation were absent. Reconstruction ended in 1877.
By that time, all states had been re-admitted to the Union. Nevertheless, the south remained an ominous place for black people. After twelve years of southern transformation, the north lost interest in pursuing and enforcing the laws and measures passed to ensure civil rights for black people. Many of the laws were soon overturned and conditions worsened for the black citizens of the south. The south convinced Congress to pass the Posse Comitatus Act, which prohibited federal authorities from exercising any power or control over local enforcement agencies. In other words, law interpretation and enforcement were left to individual southern districts. Predictably, this led to gross violations of law and unfair treatment for black people.
In 1883, the 14th amendment was rewritten to declare that Congress only had the power to outlaw public, rather than private discrimination. 13 years later, the famous
Plessy v. Ferguson case ruled that state-mandated segregation (separation of races) was legal as long as the statute or ordinance provided for "separate but equal" facilities. Rulings such as these were referred to as Jim Crow laws, and were clearly passed to ensure that black people could not do the same things as white people. Such laws encouraged and promoted racial segregation and varied from district to district. Some required black people to drink at separate fountains and use separate bathrooms than white people. Others required black people to relinquish seats on public buses if a white person wanted their seat, and still others prohibited black people from attending the same schools as white people. ==== Such laws existed until the 1964 Civil Rights Act, nearly 100 years after the Civil War.== ==
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
Scalawags and Carpetbaggers were derogatory terms used in the aftermath of the Civil War. Scalawags referred to a group of white Republican Southerners who sympathized with the federal Reconstruction effort. Scalawags were often politically allied with Carpetbaggers, white business people from the North who moved to the South during Reconstruction. Many Carpetbaggers were former abolitionists who wished to continue the struggle for equality, while other Carpetbaggers saw the reconstruction of the South as a political or economic opportunity. Because of the collapse of much of the southern economy during the Civil War, many northerners became mayors and political leaders.
Dred Scott Case
Supreme Court ruled that once a slave even if you were living in a free state, you were still a slave.
Said Scott had “none of the rights and privileges” of American citizens
Also said Congress had no right to outlaw slavery because the Constitution protects people’s right to own PROPERTY and slaves were PROPERTY!!!
Jefferson Davis - president of the Confederacy.
Capital: Richmond, VA.
Robert E. Lee. Confederate general.
John Brown
John Brown’s Raid
Attack on the arsenal
•John Brown an abolitionist, and 21 followers attacked a U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
–Planning to use the guns to arm a slave revolt, on October 16, 1859, the group captured the arsenal.
–He sent some of his group to spread the word to the area’s slaves to rise up in revolt, but they returned with a few hostages. No slaves were willing to run away and join Brown.
After the attack
•Armed local townspeople followed by U.S. Marines fought Brown and his group.
–Brown and his surviving followers were tried; all were sentenced to hang. Brown was hanged December 2, 1859.
Ulysses S. Grant - Union General
Abraham Lincoln
Violence because of the Kansas-Nebraska act got everyone’s attention
Abraham Lincoln was against the SPREAD of slavery
Republican Party formed to fight the spread of slavery.
Lincoln ran for Senator from Illinois
Lincoln - Douglas Debates
Lincoln looked rougher, not as refined as Douglas. Douglas was already a senator. Lincoln was tall, Douglas short. Both were powerful public speakers.
Douglas thought that each state should be able to decide the slavery issue for themselves.
Lincoln thought that the framers of the constitution wanted slavery to eventually end. He also thought that slavery was wrong.
Douglas won the election, but after the debates everyone knew who Lincoln was.
Election of 1860
Lincoln ran against Douglas and Breckenridge
Lincoln
Republican candidate
Against the SPREAD of slavery
Promised not to stop slavery in the South where it was already practiced.
Said he hoped it would one day END there, too.
Many in the South were afraid if Lincoln were elected, slavery would be outlawed.
Some even said they would LEAVE the Union if Lincoln was elected.
November 6, 1860 – Lincoln WINS the election
BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
Differences in life N & S
N- 19 million (71% of US population)/ factories (85%) /immigrants moved to N/ cities/71% of railroad mileage/92% of industrial workers
S - 11 million (29% of US population)/ small one family farms/rural/farming/29% of railroad mileage
States’ Rights
South didn’t like depending on the North’s manufactured goods
Thought the North was getting RICH off of them
Henry Clay -Worked hard to settle differences dividing the nation.
Free state: didn’t want slavery.
Slave state: wanted slavery
Fugitive slave law - A new law that said:
Anyone caught helping slaves escape would be punished.
If you found a runaway slave, you had to return them to their owner.
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay to the rescue AGAIN
California = Free
New Mexico and Utah territories= people would decide
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Gave people living there the choice by voting
Hundreds moved in to “vote” on whether to be a free or slave state.
Tempers FLARED and over 200 people were killed in the dispute
Nicknamed “ Bleeding Kansas”
December 20, 1860 South Carolina’s leaders seceded from the Union. 1ST STATE TO SECEDE!
Later SIX other southern states seceded:
Mississippi
Florida
Alabama
Georgia
Louisiana
Texas
First Battle of the Civil War:
Fort Sumter
The Union held Fort Sumter in S.C., but were running out of supplies. President Lincoln decided to send a ship with more supplies.
Confederate President Davis decided to take over the fort BEFORE the supply ships arrived.
Demanded them to surrender.
NEVER!
The Confederate troops FIRED on the fort, Major Anderson and his men ran out of ammunition and had to give up.
The Civil War had begun.
Lincoln called for Americans to join the army to stop the rebellion.
Frightened southern states not in the Confederacy now joined with the other 7 states.
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina
11 States Strong
Gettysburg
Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory
July 1-3, 1863 - BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, Pa.
July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down = "Pickett’s Charge")
Lee was defeated and retreated to Virgnia
Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere.
Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days
It was the last time the South invaded the North.
July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - VICKSBURG
won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River
Grant was then given control of all Union armies and began a "scorched earth" policy to defeat the South
General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "March through Georgia" saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah
Monitor vs. Merrimack - 1862
Ironclads fought in Chesapeake Bay
Blacks in the military
After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army
Initially they were only used for manual labor
eventually, Blacks saw live combat
54th regiment out of Massachusetts
Extensive Legislation Passed
Without the South in Congress (benefited the North)
1862 – Homestead Act encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery
- 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs.
1862 – Legal Tender Act- Congress established a single federal currency - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks"
1862 – Emancipation Proclamation
Freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.
It did not free slaves in border states.
1863 – Pacific Railway Act -Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States.
1863 – National Bank Act
Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry
To cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and introduced income tax
In a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing would detract from Union war effort (suspended Habeas Corpus) - free press/ speech also interrupted
1864 Election - only in Union
- pitted Republican Lincoln against Democrat General McClellan
Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)
April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army
Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE
All Confederate troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S.
otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient
Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict
issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status
EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR
http://www.history.com/topics/black-codes/videos#the-failure-of-reconstruction
creation of a single unified country
abolition of slavery
increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights
U.S. now an industrial nation
a stronger sense of nationalism
western lands increasingly opened to settlement
South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus Reconstruction (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...
620,000 people died – more Americans than any other war
before or since
April 14, 1865
President Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. by John Wilkes Booth. A short time later, Booth and his co-conspirators are found and hung.
Sherman's March to the Sea through Georgia
Reconstruction refers to the period after the Civil War when the southern states were reintegrated into the Union. Immediately following the war, the southern states were in disarray. Not only were many towns and cities burned, looted and destroyed, but the southern states were still not part of the United States. Tens of thousands of U.S. soldiers were stationed in the south to ensure the tenets of reconstruction were honored.
As a result of the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were born. The 13th amendment prohibited slavery,
the 14th granted Civil Rights to black people, If you are born in U.S. you are a citizen
and the 15th granted black people the right to vote.
Although president Lincoln had called for a lenient plan in dealing with the southern states, Congress enacted a plan that required the former states to meet certain conditions such as acceptance of the aforementioned amendments.
The period of Reconstruction transformed southern society and culture. Many northerners, who were referred to as Carpetbaggers, moved to the south to participate in southern governments. The Republican party ( a political party formed in 1854) gained much power in the south and passed numerous Civil Rights laws including those that legalized interracial marriage, and provided black students with the opportunities to attend school. Furthermore, black people were given positions of political power in state senates. Black people became mayors, sheriffs, and judges.
The cultural transformation resulted in considerable racial tension. Violent racist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan were formed in an attempt to intimidate black people. Many white southerners joined the Republican party (they were called Scalawags), and others moved to border states such as Maryland and Kentucky, where the effects of northern occupation were absent.
Reconstruction ended in 1877.
By that time, all states had been re-admitted to the Union. Nevertheless, the south remained an ominous place for black people. After twelve years of southern transformation, the north lost interest in pursuing and enforcing the laws and measures passed to ensure civil rights for black people. Many of the laws were soon overturned and conditions worsened for the black citizens of the south. The south convinced Congress to pass the Posse Comitatus Act, which prohibited federal authorities from exercising any power or control over local enforcement agencies. In other words, law interpretation and enforcement were left to individual southern districts. Predictably, this led to gross violations of law and unfair treatment for black people.
In 1883, the 14th amendment was rewritten to declare that Congress only had the power to outlaw public, rather than private discrimination. 13 years later, the famous
Plessy v. Ferguson case ruled that state-mandated segregation (separation of races) was legal as long as the statute or ordinance provided for "separate but equal" facilities. Rulings such as these were referred to as Jim Crow laws, and were clearly passed to ensure that black people could not do the same things as white people. Such laws encouraged and promoted racial segregation and varied from district to district. Some required black people to drink at separate fountains and use separate bathrooms than white people. Others required black people to relinquish seats on public buses if a white person wanted their seat, and still others prohibited black people from attending the same schools as white people. ====
Such laws existed until the 1964 Civil Rights Act, nearly 100 years after the Civil War.== ==