Civil+War






 * Dred Scott** Case

Supreme Court ruled that once a slave even if you were living in a free state, you were still a slave. Said Scott had “none of the rights and privileges” of American citizens Also said Congress had no right to outlaw slavery because the Constitution protects people’s right to own PROPERTY and slaves were PROPERTY!!!

Jefferson Davis - president of the Confederacy. Capital: Richmond, VA.



Robert E. Lee. Confederate general.

John Brown
 * John Brown’s Raid**

• John Brown an abolitionist, and 21 followers attacked a U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. – Planning to use the guns to arm a slave revolt, on October 16, 1859, the group captured the arsenal. – He sent some of his group to spread the word to the area’s slaves to rise up in revolt, but they returned with a few hostages. No slaves were willing to run away and join Brown. • Armed local townspeople followed by U.S. Marines fought Brown and his group. – Brown and his surviving followers were tried; all were sentenced to hang. Brown was hanged December 2, 1859.
 * Attack on the arsenal**
 * After the attack**



Ulysses S. Grant - Union General



Abraham Lincoln

Violence because of the Kansas-Nebraska act got everyone’s attention Abraham Lincoln was against the SPREAD of slavery Republican Party formed to fight the spread of slavery. Lincoln ran for Senator from Illinois

Lincoln - Douglas Debates

Lincoln looked rougher, not as refined as Douglas. Douglas was already a senator. Lincoln was tall, Douglas short. Both were powerful public speakers. Douglas thought that each state should be able to decide the slavery issue for themselves. Lincoln thought that the framers of the constitution wanted slavery to eventually end. He also thought that slavery was wrong.

Douglas won the election, but after the debates everyone knew who Lincoln was.

Election of 1860 Lincoln ran against Douglas and Breckenridge

Lincoln Republican candidate Against the SPREAD of slavery Promised not to stop slavery in the South where it was already practiced. Said he hoped it would one day END there, too.

Many in the South were afraid if Lincoln were elected, slavery would be outlawed. Some even said they would LEAVE the Union if Lincoln was elected.

November 6, 1860 – Lincoln WINS the election

__BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR__

Differences in life N & S

N- 19 million (71% of US population)/ factories (85%) /immigrants moved to N/ cities/71% of railroad mileage/92% of industrial workers

S - 11 million (29% of US population)/ small one family farms/rural/farming/29% of railroad mileage

States’ Rights South didn’t like depending on the North’s manufactured goods Thought the North was getting RICH off of them

__Henry Clay__ -Worked hard to settle differences dividing the nation. Free state: didn’t want slavery. Slave state: wanted slavery

__Fugitive slave law__ - A new law that said: Anyone caught helping slaves escape would be punished. If you found a runaway slave, you had to return them to their owner.

__Compromise of 1850__ Henry Clay to the rescue AGAIN California = Free New Mexico and Utah territories= people would decide

//Kansas-Nebraska Act// Gave people living there the choice by voting Hundreds moved in to “vote” on whether to be a free or slave state. Tempers FLARED and over 200 people were killed in the dispute Nicknamed “ **Bleeding Kansas**”

December 20, 1860 South Carolina’s leaders seceded from the Union. 1ST STATE TO SECEDE!

Later SIX other southern states seceded:

Mississippi Florida Alabama Georgia Louisiana Texas

First Battle of the Civil War:

Fort Sumter

The Union held Fort Sumter in S.C., but were running out of supplies. President Lincoln decided to send a ship with more supplies. Confederate President Davis decided to take over the fort BEFORE the supply ships arrived. Demanded them to surrender. NEVER! The Confederate troops FIRED on the fort, Major Anderson and his men ran out of ammunition and had to give up.

The Civil War had begun.

Lincoln called for Americans to join the army to stop the rebellion. Frightened southern states not in the Confederacy now joined with the other 7 states. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina 11 States Strong

Gettysburg

Lee realized that the South was in dire straits and decided that it was crucial to attack the North on its own territory July 1-3, 1863 - **BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG**, Pa.

July 3, General Pickett led 15,000 Confed. Troops across open fields - Union mowed them down = "**Pickett’s Charge** ") Lee was defeated and retreated to Virgnia Gettysburg is the largest battle in the history of the Western hemisphere. Over 100, 000 people died in 3 days It was the last time the South invaded the North.

July 4, 1863 - another Union victory - **VICKSBURG** won by U.S. Grant, cut South in 1/2 and gave the Union control of Mississippi River Grant was then given control of all Union armies a nd began a "//scorched earth// " policy to defeat the South General Sherman given task of taking Atlanta; his "**March through Georgia** " saw total destruction from Atlanta to Savannah

Monitor vs. Merrimack - 1862 Ironclads fought in Chesapeake Bay

__Blacks in the military__ After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army Initially they were only used for manual labor e ventually, Blacks saw live combat 54th regiment out of Massachusetts


 * Extensive Legislation Passed**
 * Without the South in Congress** (benefited the North)


 * 1862 – Homestead Act** **encouraged W. expansion w/o slavery**
 * - 165 acres given to anyone who would farm it 5 yrs.**


 * 1862 – Legal Tender Act**- **Congress established a single federal currency - same value in all states - known as "Greenbacks"**

It did not free slaves in border states.
 * 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation**
 * Freed the slaves only in states that have seceded from the Union.**


 * 1863 – Pacific Railway Act** -**Union-Pacific Railway was authorized - great trade potential, focused on the Northern States.**


 * 1863 – National Bank Act**


 * Tariffs were put in place to protect Northern industry**
 * To cover war debts, Union gov't issued war bonds and introduced income tax**
 * In a further illustration of fed. gov't power, Lincoln's gov't restricted civil liberties so nothing** **would detract from Union war effort (suspended //Habeas Corpus//** **)** **- free press/ speech also interrupted**

**Lincoln won easily, assuring that war will continue (N. Democrats wanted an end)**
April 3, 1865 - Grant took Richmond Va. - final blow to Lee's army Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at **APPOMATTOX COURTHOUSE** All Confederate troops forced to take an oath of loyalty to U.S. otherwise, terms of surrender were lenient Lincoln didn't want a humiliated South and further conflict issue of states' rights now "solved"- fed. gov't had asserted its status

http://www.history.com/topics/black-codes/videos#the-failure-of-reconstruction
 * EFFECTS OF CIVIL WAR**

creation of a single unified country abolition of slavery increased power to fed. gov't – killed the issue of states rights U.S. now an industrial nation a stronger sense of nationalism western lands increasingly opened to settlement South was economically and physically devastated, w/ the plantation system crippled...thus **Reconstruction** (rebuilding the U.S.) - but a deep hatred of the North remained...

620,000 people died – more Americans than any other war before or since

April 14, 1865 President Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C. by John Wilkes Booth. A short time later, Booth and his co-conspirators are found and hung.


 * [[image:http://www.mrnussbaum.com/history/us.gif width="72" height="42" caption="external image us.gif"]] || **Reconstruction** ||
 * [[image:http://www.mrnussbaum.com/history/shermansea.jpg width="350" height="214" align="center" caption="external image shermansea.jpg"]]

** Sherman's March to the Sea through Georgia ** **Reconstruction refers to the period after the Civil War when the southern states were reintegrated into the Union. Immediately following the war, the southern states were in disarray. Not only were many towns and cities burned, looted and destroyed, but the southern states were still not part of the United States. Tens of thousands of U.S. soldiers were stationed in the south to ensure the tenets of reconstruction were honored.**

**As a result of the Civil War, three constitutional amendments were born. The 13th amendment prohibited slavery, ** ** the 14th granted Civil Rights to black people, If you are born in U.S. you are a citizen ** ** and the 15th granted black people the right to vote. ** ** Although president Lincoln had called for a lenient plan in dealing with the southern states, Congress enacted a plan that required the former states to meet certain conditions such as acceptance of the aforementioned amendments. **



**The cultural transformation resulted in considerable racial tension. Violent racist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan were formed in an attempt to intimidate black people. Many white southerners joined the Republican party (they were called Scalawags), and others moved to border states such as Maryland and Kentucky, where the effects of northern occupation were absent. ** **Reconstruction ended in 1877. **
 * The period of Reconstruction transformed southern society and culture. Many northerners, who were referred to as Carpetbaggers, moved to the south to participate in southern governments. The Republican party ( a political party formed in 1854) gained much power in the south and passed numerous Civil Rights laws including those that legalized interracial marriage, and provided black students with the opportunities to attend school. Furthermore, black people were given positions of political power in state senates. Black people became mayors, sheriffs, and judges. **

** By that time, all states had been re-admitted to the Union. Nevertheless, the south remained an ominous place for black people. After twelve years of southern transformation, the north lost interest in pursuing and enforcing the laws and measures passed to ensure civil rights for black people. Many of the laws were soon overturned and conditions worsened for the black citizens of the south. The south convinced Congress to pass the Posse Comitatus Act, which prohibited federal authorities from exercising any power or control over local enforcement agencies. In other words, law interpretation and enforcement were left to individual southern districts. Predictably, this led to gross violations of law and unfair treatment for black people. **

** In 1883, the 14th amendment was rewritten to declare that Congress only had the power to outlaw public, rather than private discrimination. 13 years later, the famous ** ==== **Plessy v. Ferguson case ruled that state-mandated segregation (separation of races) was legal as long as the statute or ordinance provided for "separate but equal" facilities. Rulings such as these were referred to as Jim Crow laws, and were clearly passed to ensure that black people could not do the same things as white people. Such laws encouraged and promoted racial segregation and varied from district to district. Some required black people to drink at separate fountains and use separate bathrooms than white people. Others required black people to relinquish seats on public buses if a white person wanted their seat, and still others prohibited black people from attending the same schools as white people. ** ==== **Such laws existed until the 1964 Civil Rights Act, nearly 100 years after the Civil War. ** == == || Scalawags and Carpetbaggers ||
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Scalawags and Carpetbaggers were derogatory terms used in the aftermath of the Civil War. Scalawags **referred to a group of white Republican Southerners who sympathized with the federal Reconstruction effort. Scalawags were often politically allied with** Carpetbaggers**, white business people from the North who moved to the South during Reconstruction. Many Carpetbaggers were former abolitionists who wished to continue the struggle for equality, while other Carpetbaggers saw the reconstruction of the South as a political or economic opportunity. Because of the collapse of much of the southern economy during the Civil War, many northerners became mayors and political leaders.** ||