The+Colonies

Triangle Trade

Here's the info for Monday's test:

THE 13 COLONIES

New England - Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Middle - New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware Southern - Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

__New England colonies__

Settled for religious freedom Rocky soil, long winters Harvested: fur, fish, whale, trees Because they didn't have fertile soil, they developed manufacturing

__Middle colonies__

Settled for religious reasons and to make money Lots of different ethic groups (English, Germans, Dutch, Scots Irish) known as the "Bread Basket" mild climate rich soil iron, paper, textiles

__Southern colonies__

Settled to make money Settlers brought their families with them Slavery began in 1619 rich soil long growing season mild climate tobacco, agriculture, fish forests

__Backcountry__ - Appalachian Mountains

Settled by Scots-Irish Clanish - only trusted their family members

SLAVERY IN AMERICA Under Queen Elizabeth the 1st, England became a strong country. Exploration to the New World continued. 1700-1750 the population of the English Colonies doubled and then doubled again. Colonies were sending goods to Europe. The British were taxing the colonists. Tyranny – a government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power. “Bacon’s Rebellion” Nathaniel Bacon – an indentured servant. After he served his time, he wanted the government to help government to help indentured servants fight the Indians to get land. Governor Berkeley refused. Bacon and his followers burned down the Jamestown. The governor was recalled. After this indentured servants were allowed to purchase land, but most did not ever compete with large plantation owners. They ended up moving west. Slavery was most rampant in the Southern colonies because of large plantations with lots of agricultural land. 85% of slaves in the British colonies were in the South. 40% of the population of the South were slaves. Indentured servants and African slaves were working side-by-side in the fields. Landowners needed more workers. They tried to enslave the Indians, but they either died of disease or ran away. They were successful in running away, because they knew the land better than those chasing them. In 1665 there were fewer than 500 Africans in the colonies. By 1750 there were 235,000 Africans in the colonies. The elite Planter Class (a small minority) were large land owners and took political and economic power in the South. Cotton, indigo and tobacco were grown. The slaves made the farmers even richer. By 1830 all of the states above MD had agreed to abolish slavery. Overseer- people who were hired by the landowner to watch the slaves and make sure they did the work The Stono rebellion was in 1739 when slaves escaped and killed several white land owners. They eventually were caught by a militia and killed. After this, laws regulating slaves were even more strict. Slaves were not allowed to leave the plantation, or talk to free blacks. Abolitionist – people that wanted to abolish/end slavery By the early 1800’s Congress passed a law that stated that it was illegal to bring in any new slaves. William Lloyd Garrison published “The Liberator” a paper dedicated to bringing freedom to slaves.

Fredrick Douglas – free black man. Wrote and spoke for the cause of freedom for slaves.

Underground railroad – A series of homes and buildings operated by mostly white abolitionists in which slaves traveled in order to get to freedom.

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR In the early part of the eighteenth century, the trans-Appalachian region of North America remained much as it had been for the preceding centuries. Some trappers and backwoodsmen—Frenchmen from Canada and Englishmen from the British colonies—traveled through its woods and rivers, but the principal occupants of the region were Native Americans and a great diversity of wildlife. As the British colonies became more populated and prosperous, their citizens began to look towards the rich lands across the Appalachian mountains as providing new opportunities for settlement and economic growth. The French, who claimed the entire watersheds of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence Rivers—which included the Great Lakes and the Ohio River valley—became worried about British encroachments into this region and so they moved to set up a series of forts, including at Crown Point on Lake Champlain, and on the Wabash, Ohio, Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The British, meanwhile, built their own forts at Oswego and Halifax, the government granted lands in the Ohio Valley to the Ohio Company and adventurous traders set up bases in the region.

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was a seven-year-long war between Britain and France. Although fighting began in 1754, the war did not officially begin until 1756. They were fighting for the control of much of North America. This war was a part of a larger war that was going on in Europe. At the beginning of the war, France controlled Canada and the Louisiana Territory. Britain controlled most of the east coast of North America. In one of the first battles of the war, Lieutenant Colonel George Washington and his Virginia troops (fighting for the British) were sent to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to remove the French from their new fort. Washington was defeated by the French, and the French soon controlled the entire region. In 1756, the British began to defeat the French, especially in naval battles. In 1759, General James Wolfe's army defeated the French at Quebec (although both Gen. Wolfe and his French adversary Gen. Montcalm both died during the battle). When the French finally lost the war, the Treaty of Paris (signed on February 10, 1763) gave Britain control of Canada and the French areas east of the Mississippi River. Spain gave Florida to Britain, and received the former French areas west of the Mississippi River. As a result of the war, the English colonists no longer needed the protection of the British against the French, and they became more independent from Britain. This war also resulted in higher taxes paid to Britain. These influences eventually led to the American Revolution.

__FROM HERE DOWN WILL **NOT** BE ON MONDAY'S - (NOVEMBER 8) TEST__

Richard Hakluyt - English geographer - encouraged England to start a colony

mercantilism - state controls trade and attempts to transfer wealth from colonies to the parent country

Hakluyt although thought English colonies would help plant the Protestant faith in the Americas.

joint-stock company - back by investors, people who put money into a project to earn profits

charter - a written contract issued by a government giving the holder the right to establish a colony

1607 - the Virginia Company of London financed an expedition to Chesapeake Bay - included more than 100 colonists.

Named the first permanent English settlement: Jamestown, in honor of King James I hardships: disease, cold, Native Americans(Powhatan), no food

Many died from disease and starvation

Imagine you are a settler in the New World. What would you like to accomplish? What hardships might you face? What would you have brought with you from England to help you in the New World?

__The Pilgrims__ Separatists - didn't want to be a part of the Church of England or the Catholic Church 1st went to Holland Then asked the VA co. if they could settle in America as a "distinct body unto themselves" wanted religious freedom sailed on the Mayflower -landed N. of the lands of the VA co. landed in what they named Plymouth, MA Wrote the Mayflower Compact - a form of self government - emphasized the general good of the colony they also had a "starving time" - 1/2 died from disease and starvation Squanto - part of the Pawtuxets spoke English - helped the Pilgrims by teaching them how to plant, fish and hunt 1st Thanksgiving

__The Puritans__ Also a Separatist group Left England between 1630 - 1640 went to New England 20,000 cross the Atlantic - "Great Migration" They created the Massachusetts Bay Colony They came prepared! governor: John Winthrop commonwealth - a community in which people work together for the good of the whole town meetings - a form of self-government in which people made laws and other decisions for the community Only male church members were allowed to vote By law - everyone had to attend church "New England Way" : emphasized duty, godliness, hard work and honesty. Puritans thought that amusements (dancing, cards, etc.) would lead to laziness

__Challenges to Puritan Leaders__ Roger Williams - founded the first Baptist church in America didn't believe in forced church attendance General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony forced him to leave the colony Went to Rhode Island guaranteed religious freedom and separation of church and state

Anne Hutchison believed a person could worship God without the help of a church held discussion in her home seen as a challenge to church authority forced to leave MA fled to Rhode Island

King Philip's War - 1675-76 fought because colonists were taken native's land "King Philip" - leader of Wampanoag He organized an alliance of tribes Natives lost the war, English settlers expanded even further into Native American land

Salem Witch Trials - late 1600's 20 killed - accused of being witches

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